This information should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice. Read the disclaimer.

What are tax repayment agents? 

Tax repayment agents (or tax refund companies) specialise in getting customers tax repayments (also called ‘refunds’ or ‘rebates’) from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC).  

There is increasing concern surrounding the activity and practices of some repayment agents. Repayment agents are an unregulated profession, and they do not have to be members of any specific professional body. There is no system run by HMRC to approve or certify repayment agents. 

How do tax repayment agents operate? 

Tax repayment agents claim rebates on behalf of customers for most types of personal taxes. 

Repayment agents can only claim rebates on behalf of an individual taxpayer once a formal agreement has been established. Agents will usually request the authority to receive money from successful claims on behalf of the taxpayer. After the agent collects their fee, they transfer the remainder to the taxpayer. Agreements of this kind are either nominations or assignments. Assignments, unlike nominations, are legally binding, and require the consent of both parties to be rescinded. 

Nominations 

Taxpayers can ‘nominate’ a repayment agent to receive rebates on their behalf. HMRC says that nominations:  

  • aren’t legally binding 
  • can be rescinded unilaterally by the taxpayer 
  • only cover the specific rebate the taxpayer or agent has applied for 
  • don’t transfer the legal ownership of the repayment to the agent 

Taxpayers can create these nominations by filing standard forms (such as form R38 for income tax refunds) or by writing HMRC a letter. 

Assignments 

Taxpayers can also authorise agents to receive rebates on their behalf via a ‘deed of assignment’, or ‘assignment’. Assignments can’t be used for income tax repayments. As explained by HMRC, assignments: 

  • Are legally binding, and can only end by the agreement of the taxpayer and the agent 
  • Transfer the legal ownership of repayment money to the repayment agent 
  • Don’t have to follow a standard format. Regardless of how they are worded, however, assignments cannot cover future tax years. 

Where can someone find a tax repayment agent? 

HMRC said there has been a growth in tax repayment agents advertising their services online and on social media. Often, these advertisements inform taxpayers that they may be eligible for tax rebates. 

Are there risks with using tax repayment agents? 

Potentially. However, many repayment agents operate transparently and in good faith. 

HMRC notes there has been an increase in repayment agents operating in misleading and sometimes fraudulent ways. Analysis undertaken by HMRC, the Low Incomes Tax Reform Group (LITRG), and Money Saving Expert between 2021 and 2023 showed a growing number of people expressing dissatisfaction with the service provided by repayment agents. Often, the agents’ lack of transparency meant taxpayers only received a fraction of what they were owed by HMRC. 

Common issues included: 

  • A lack of awareness that a customer was dealing with a third party rather than HMRC 
  • A lack of information provided by agents on their procedures and what they were asking from the taxpayer 
  • A lack of transparency over the fee structure of repayment companies, which sometimes led to fees as high as 50% of any repayment owed 
  • People officially engaging a repayment agent by filling an online form, when they thought they were only expressing interest 
  • People being unaware that they were agreeing to a deed of assignment 

What is HMRC doing to protect taxpayers? 

HMRC and the government have taken action to protect taxpayers: 

  • HMRC has updated its Standard for Agents guidance, introducing new requirements around transparency. HMRC expects all agents to follow this standard and can take action against agents who breach it. 

What steps can be taken to protect against poor agent practice? 

The LITRG has published useful guidance for taxpayers who may want to engage a repayment agent. The guidance lists things to look out for when using an agent. The guidance also signposts sources of support for people who feel they have been subject to unfair practice.  

HMRC has launched the ‘don’t get caught out’ campaign providing guidance to taxpayers to ensure they don’t fall victim to misleading tax repayment advertisements.   

Although assignments for income tax repayments are no longer allowed, taxpayers should exercise caution: if agent practices are not transparent, they may not be aware that they are agreeing to a nomination, meaning their repayment is going to be transferred to the agent instead of them.   

Can taxpayers claim tax repayments without using an agent? 

Yes. Taxpayers can claim any repayment on their tax, for free, from the HMRC website, which has a dedicated webpage showing taxpayers how to claim tax refunds.   

Taxpayers have four years from the tax year concerned to claim a refund.   

About the author: Francesco Masala is a researcher in the Business and Transport Section of the House of Commons Library. He specialises in taxation policy.

Disclaimer

The Commons Library does not intend the information in this article to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing for information about sources of legal advice and help.

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