Syria after Assad: Consequences and interim authorities 2025
What has happened in Syria after the fall of Assad, who are the main actors, and how has the UK and others responded?

Interntional intervention in Syria appears to be imminent. Is it practical or legal
Intervention in Syria (238 KB , PDF)
• Chemical weapons have been used in Syria and have changed the position of major Western governments
• Their use in Syria was illegal under the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which Syria ratified in 1968, and under customary international law
• A UN inspection is under way
• The illegal use of chemical weapons does not affect the legality of outside intervention in Syria, which remains unclear without a Security Council resolution
• The options for military intervention are complicated and expensive
• Public opinion in the UK is firmly against intervention other than humanitarian
• Syria has one of the largest arsenals of chemical weapons in the Middle East
Intervention in Syria (238 KB , PDF)
What has happened in Syria after the fall of Assad, who are the main actors, and how has the UK and others responded?
On 13 June 2025, Israel launched a series of attacks against Iran’s nuclear programme.
This paper briefly examines Israel's nuclear weapons policies, capabilities and programmes. It is one paper in a larger series on the nuclear weapon states.