This briefing answers frequently asked questions about banking scams, and describes: the scale of the problem; the types of scam; what help is available for victims; and government and industry action.
Banking fraud (320 KB, PDF)
Criminals successfully stole over £1.2 billion from individuals through banking fraud and scams in 2019. [1] Businesses and the public sector are estimated to lose around £5.9 billion per year. [2]
Most fraud targeted at individuals is conducted via unauthorised payments from payment cards, remote banking and cheques. Victims of this type of fraud can often get the money back from their bank, depending on the circumstances of the loss.
However, a significant amount of fraud in 2019 was also via authorised payments. This is when the victim is tricked into transferring the money to the criminal.
In these cases, victims were much less likely to recover their losses. In 2019, only 25.4% of losses from authorised payments (£116m) was returned to victims. This was either by a full or partial refund directly from the bank or when the funds were recovered from the recipient bank.
A voluntary code of practice introduced in May 2019 gave a commitment, from all firms signed up to it, to reimburse victims of authorised payment scams in any scenario where the customer has met minimum standards expected of them under the code. [3] There are calls for this code to be made mandatory.
The City of London Police leads the police response to fraud. They are home to two national units (Action Fraud and National Fraud Intelligence Bureau) where fraud cases are reported and analysed. If these units believe there is enough evidence, they will allocate cases to a local police force for investigation.
The police response to fraud has come under much criticism. There are concerns that a high number of cases do not reach the threshold for investigation and that those that do rarely result in offenders being bought to justice. Various stakeholders have called for better co-ordination across the police to improve service to victims and the quality of investigations.
Victims of banking scams should consult the Action Fraud website, which:
The ‘Take Five’ website, which is a national awareness campaign led by industry and Government also offers advice to victims.
If a bank or service provider refuses to reimburse a victim of a bank scam, the Financial Ombudsman Service can investigate whether the bank took the appropriate decision.
[1] “FRAUD THE FACTS 2020: The definitive overview of payment industry fraud”, UK Finance [online], 18 March 2020 [accessed 23 February 2021]
[2] Serious and Organised Crime Strategy, Cm 9718, November 2018
[3] “APP Scams Steering Group Agrees Voluntary Code”, APP SCAMS STEERING GROUP, 28 February 2019 [accessed 23 February 2021]
Banking fraud (320 KB, PDF)
A debate on protecting consumers from online scams has been scheduled for 28 April 2021 from 4:05-4:35pm. The debate will be opened by Ruth Edwards MP. This House of Commons Library debate pack provides background information and press and parliamentary coverage.
An overview of how business interruption insurance policies have been interpreted in the context of the coronavirus pandemic.
This briefing paper gives statistics on the number of bank and building society branches in the UK - including looking at trends. It also looks at post office and ATM statistics.
