This Library briefing paper explains the types of coronavirus restrictions and requirements that have been imposed by the UK's lockdown laws. Currently no restrictions on domestic movement, gatherings or business opening/service limits are in place in any part of the UK.
Coronavirus: lockdown laws (4 MB , PDF)
The UK has had hundreds of laws made in response to the coronavirus pandemic.0F[1] Many of these laws could be described as ‘lockdown laws’. In this briefing the term ‘lockdown law’ refers specifically to coronavirus restrictions relating to the restriction of movement, gatherings and high street business operations.
Other coronavirus related laws such as those which impose restrictions on international travel and require the wearing of face coverings are not discussed in this paper, see the box below for further information.
Two further Library briefings provide information about lockdown laws:
Currently no restrictions on domestic movement, gatherings or business opening/service limits are in place in any part of the UK.
Lockdown laws have imposed many different coronavirus restrictions. Different rules apply in each UK nation. Specific restrictions for certain local areas have also been used.
Lockdown laws can be categorised into three types of restriction: gatherings, movement and business restrictions, within which an array of specific restrictions might be imposed.
An almost total ban on social gatherings has been imposed during full national lockdowns.
Household mixing rules have been imposed to prevent people who do not live together from meeting. Sometimes these rules specify places (usually indoor spaces) where people cannot meet.
Versions of a rule of six have prevented gatherings larger than six people. Some exemptions to these rules allowed larger gatherings for specific purposes.
Various other rules have been in place which allow only for small gatherings. Sometimes the size of the gathering permitted is defined by a specific number of households.
Specific rules have been made to further discourage large gatherings and illegal raves. Those enforcing lockdown laws can issue higher penalties to those who break these rules. During summer 2020, England’s national gatherings restriction was a “large gathering rule”. The penalty for breaking this rule was the same as the “small gatherings rule” it replaced.
During full national lockdowns leaving home without a “reasonable excuse” has been prohibited.
Laws have prevented people from travelling outside their local area.
Laws have also prohibited travel between specified areas (often to/from areas with different restrictions in place), this has included a ban on leaving the UK.
Certain businesses have been required to close during the pandemic.
Hospitality businesses have also been required to operate restricted opening hours.
Some rules have restricted the sale of alcohol.
Other types of coronavirus restrictionsOther laws have been used to impose restrictions designed to slow and contain the spread of the coronavirus. These include laws which:
These are not discussed in this briefing. An overview of the main pieces of coronavirus legislation has been compiled on legislation.gov.uk |
Coronavirus: lockdown laws (4 MB , PDF)
A Westminster Hall debate has been scheduled for 17th October on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and sustainable development. The debate will be opened by Dr Matthew Offord, MP and the subject for the debate has been chosen by the Backbench Business Committee.
There will be a general debate on knife crime on 16 October 2023 at 14:30. The debate will be led by Wendy Morton MP.
A briefing paper explaining the Inquiries Act 2005, issues arising from the holding of statutory public inquiries, and summary notes on the progress of active statutory inquiries.
