Voters must now show photo ID at UK Parliamentary elections, police and crime commissioner elections and at local elections in England. This briefing looks at the background to voter ID in the Great Britain.
Voter ID (894 KB , PDF)
Local elections in England on 4 May 2023 were the first in Great Britain to require voters to show any form of identification before being issued with a ballot paper.
A public awareness and campaign was launched by the Electoral Commission in January 2023. It ran through to the local elections in May 2023 (in England) and informed voters of the need to bring photo ID to polling stations and the availability of a new free type of voter ID for those without any other photo ID. Awareness of the need to bring voter ID increased from 23% in December 2022 to 92% in May 2023 (following the elections).
The Government allocated £4.75 million of additional funding to all local authorities with local elections in May 2023 to support communications about voter ID.
Data was collected in polling stations on the number of people who were turned away. Polling station staff also recorded the number of people who later returned to vote successfully.
The Electoral Commission has now published its analysis. The Government is also required to produce a report, which is expected in November 2023.
The Commission has published its interim analysis, finding that awareness of the need to bring ID was high; that 0.25% of voters did not vote because of the ID requirement; and that around 4% of non-voters said they did not vote because of the ID requirement. There were concerns expressed about the completeness of the data being collected.
In its statutory report, produced in September 2023 the Commission confirmed its interim findings that some people found it harder than others to show accepted voter ID, including disabled people, younger voters, people from ethnic minority communities, and the unemployed.
The Commission and others have recommended the list of allowable ID be reviewed and consideration be giving to making the voter ID rules more accessible to the most affected groups. The Commission has said:
“It is crucial that improvements are made at the earliest opportunity, particularly given there are important elections that are due to be held during the next 18 months, to improve accessibility and support those people who do not have an accepted form of ID.”
Voters now need to show photo ID before being issued a ballot paper in polling stations at local elections in England, including parish and mayoral, and local referendums in England. Voters in polling stations in Police and crime commissioner elections in England and Wales will also require photo ID.
The same requirements will be in place for voters across Great Britain at UK Parliament general elections held after September 2023.
The provisions for Great Britain were introduced by Elections Act 2022. They also apply to a proxy voter, someone voting in person on someone else’s behalf.
Voters in Northern Ireland have been required to show ID when voting in all elections in Northern Ireland since 2003.
These requirements to do not apply to devolved elections in Scotland and Wales. They are elections to the Scottish Parliament and Senedd Cymru and to local elections in Scotland and Wales.
Voters can use passports, full and provisional driving licences, Proof of Age Standards Scheme (PASS) cards, Blue badges, and some concessionary travel cards. The full list is available on the Electoral Commission website: Accepted forms of photo ID.
People without an existing acceptable form of voter ID can apply online or by post for a free Voter Authority Certificate (VAC). The VAC will display the name and a passport style photo of a voter.
The ID used in a polling station must be original, but it does not matter if it is expired, as long as the photo is a good likeness.
Voters may request their ID is inspected in private.
Critics of voter ID say the problem it is designed to solve, personation, is very rare. Personation is the electoral crime of pretending to be someone else to use their vote.
A total of 13 cases of alleged personation fraud were recorded by police forces in 2022. Seven cases involved allegations of personation in polling stations. No further action was taken in any of those cases because there was no evidence or insufficient evidence.
Estimates for the number of people in Britain eligible to vote without a pre-existing form of ID accepted for voting range from 925,000 to 3.5 million.
At the deadline for applying for a VAC for the May 2023 elections, 86,000 VAC online applications had been submitted. This figure did not include postal applications and may include duplicate and rejected applications
An Electoral Commission survey of voters in the run up to polling day indicated 87% of people knew about the new requirements for voter ID in the week of polling day.
Voter ID (894 KB , PDF)
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