The United Kingdom constitution – a mapping exercise
A briefing paper which "maps" (or summarises) the main elements of the United Kingdom's uncodified constitution.
This briefing sets out results of the by-elections held in the 2019 Parliament, including lists of candidates, vote share and voter turnout.
By elections in 2019 Parliament (499 KB , PDF)
Jill Mortimer (Conservative) – 15,529 (51.9%)
Paul Williams (Labour) – 8,589 (28.7%)
Sam Lee (Independent) – 2,904 (9.7%)
Others (13 other candidates) – 2,911 (9.7%)
Majority of winning candidate – 6,940 (23.2%)
Anum Qaisar-Javed (SNP) – 10,129 (46.4%)
Kenneth Stevenson (Labour) – 8,372 (38.4%)
Ben Callaghan (Conservative) – 2,812 (12.9%)
Others (5 other candidates) – 514 (2.4%)
Majority of winning candidate – 1,757 (8.0%)
Sarah Green (Liberal Democrat) – 21,517 (56.7%)
Peter Fleet (Conservative) – 13,489 (35.5%)
Others (6 other candidates) – 2,948 (7.8%)
Majority of winning candidate – 8,028 (21.2%)
Kim Leadbeater (Labour) – 13,296 (35.3%)
Ryan Stephenson (Conservative) – 12,973 (34.4%)
George Galloway (Workers) – 8,264 (21.9%)
Others (13 other candidates) – 3,162 (8.4%)
Majority of winning candidate – 323 (0.9%)
Louie French (Conservative)- 11,189 (51.5%)
Daniel Francis (Labour)- 6,711 (30.9%)
Richard Tice (Reform UK)- 1,432 (6.6%)
Others (8 other candidates)- 2,371 (10.9%)
Majority of winning candidate- 4,478 (20.6%)
Helen Morgan (Liberal Democrat)- 17,957 (47.2%)
Neil Shastri-Hurst (Conservative)- 12,032 (31.6%)
Ben Wood (Labour)- 3,686 (9.7%)
Others (11 other candidates)- 4,347 (11.4%)
Majority of winning candidate- 5,925 (15.6%)
Anna Firth (Conservative)- 12,792 (86.1%)
Others (8 other candidates)*- 2,066
Majority of winning candidate- 12,280 (82.6%)
*Note Labour, Liberal Democrats and Green party chose not to stand.
Paulette Hamilton (Labour)- 9,413 (55.5%)
Robert Alden (Conservative)- 6,147 (36.3%)
Others (10 other candidates)- 1,397 (8.2%)
Majority of winning candidate- 3,266 (19.3%)
Richard Foord (Liberal Democrat)- 22,537 (52.9%)
Helen Hurford (Conservative)- 16,393 (38.5%)
Others (6 other candidates)- 3,661 (8.6%)
Majority of winning candidate- 6,144 (14.4%)
Simon Lightwood (Labour)- 13,166 (47.9%)
Nadeem Ahmed (Conservative)- 8,241 (30.0%)
Akef-Akbar (Independent)- 2,090 (7.6%)
Others (12 other candidates)- 3,969 (14.5%)
Majority of winning candidate- 4,925 (17.9%)
Samantha Dixon (Labour)- 17,309 (60.8%)
Liz Wardlaw (Conservative)- 6,335 (22.2%)
Rob Herd (Liberal Democrat)- 2,368 (8.3%)
Others (6 other candidates)- 2,463 (8.6%)
Majority of winning candidate- 10,947 (38.8%)
Andrew Western (Labour)- 12,828 (69.6%)
Emily Carter-Kandola (Conservative)- 2,922 (15.9%)
Others (7 other candidates)- 2,668 (14.5%)
Majority of winning candidate- 9,906 (53.8%)
Ashley Dalton (Labour) – 14,068 (62.3%)
Mike Prendergast (Conservatives) – 5,742 (25.4%)
Others (four other candidates) – 2,771 (12.4%)
Majority of winning candidate – 8,326 (36.9%)
Steve Tuckwell (Conservatives) – 13,965 (45.3%)
Danny Beales (Labour) – 13,470 (43.7%)
Others (14 other candidates) – 3,385 (11.0%)
Majority of winning candidate – 495 (1.6%)
Keir Mather (Labour) – 16,456 (46.0%)
Claire Holmer (Conservatives) – 12,295 (34.3%)
Arnold Warneken (Green Party) – 1,838 (5.1%)
Others (ten other candidates) – 5,218 (14.6%)
Majority of winning candidate – 4,161 (11.6%)
Sarah Dyke (Liberal Democrats) – 21,187 (54.6%)
Faye Purbrick (Conservatives) – 10,179 (26.2%)
Martin Dimery (Green Party) – 3,944 (10.2%)
Others (five other candidates) – 3,478 (9.0%)
Majority of winning candidate – 11,008 (28.4%)
Michael Shanks (Labour) – 17,845 (58.6%)
Katy Loudon (SNP) – 8,399 (27.6%)
Others (twelve other candidates) – 4,233 (13.9%)
Majority of winning candidate – 9,446 (31.0%)
Alistair Strathern (Labour) – 13,872 (34.1%)
Festus Akinbusoye (Conservative) – 12,680 (31.1%)
Emma Holland-Lindsay (Liberal Democrat) – 9,420 (23.1%)
Others (ten other candidates) – 4,748 (11.7%)
Majority of winning candidate – 1,192 (2.9%)
Sarah Edwards (Labour) – 11,719 (45.8%)
Andy Cooper (Conservative) – 10,403 (40.7%)
Ian Cooper (Reform UK) – 1,373 (5.4%)
Others (six candidates) – 2,091 (8.2%)
Majority of winning candidate – 1,316 (5.1%)
Damien Egan (Labour) – 11,176 (44.9%)
Sam Bromiley (Conservative) – 8,675 (34.9%)
Robert Lowe (Reform UK) – 2,578 (10.4%)
Others (3 candidates) – 2,440 (9.8%)
Majority of winning candidate – 2,501 (10.1%)
Gen Kitchen (Labour) – 13,844 (45.9%)
Helen Harrison (Conservative) – 7,408 (24.6%)
Ben Habib (Reform UK) – 3,919 (13.0%)
Others (8 candidates) – 4,974 (16.5%)
Majority of winning candidate – 2,501 (16.5%)
George Galloway (WPB) – 12,335 (39.7%)
David Tully (Independent) – 6,638 (21.3%)
Paul Ellison (Conservative) – 3,731 (12.0%)
Others (8 candidates) – 8,403 (27.0%)
Majority of winning candidate – 5,697 (18.3%)
Chris Webb (Lab) – 10,825 (58.9%)
David Jones (Conservative) – 3,218 (17.5%)
Mark Butcher (Reform UK) – 3,101 (16.9%)
Others (6 candidates) – 1,231 (6.7%)
Majority of winning candidate – 7,607 (41.4%)
By elections in 2019 Parliament (499 KB , PDF)
A briefing paper which "maps" (or summarises) the main elements of the United Kingdom's uncodified constitution.
This briefing examines the way that Parliament scrutinises the Government's proposals for taxation, set out in the annual Budget statement.
Austria held legislative elections on 29 September 2024. 183 members of the National Council were elected. As no party gained a majority of seats in the legislature, coalition talks to form a government continue.