Poland: The Tusk government and the 2025 presidential election
An opposition candidate won Poland's presidential election on 1 June 2025, increasing the likelihood of continued deadlock between the government and presidency

In a referendum on 2 October 2009 the Republic of Ireland voted by 67.1% to 32.9% in favour of ratifying the Treaty of Lisbon, having voted against its ratification in June 2008. Politically, the second vote was predicated on concessions agreed by the European Council in December 2008 and confirmed in June 2009 as “guarantees” to be formalised in a protocol attached to the next accession treaty. The positive Irish vote was welcomed by the EU institutions and other Member States, but Poland and the Czech Republic still have not completed ratification. This paper looks at the background to the referendum and other ratification developments.
The Treaty of Lisbon after the Second Irish Referdum (523 KB , PDF)
In a referendum on 2 October 2009 the Republic of Ireland voted by 67.1% to 32.9% in favour of ratifying the Treaty of Lisbon, having voted against its ratification in June 2008. Politically, the second vote was predicated on concessions agreed by the European Council in December 2008 and confirmed in June 2009 as “guarantees” to be formalised in a protocol attached to the next accession treaty. The positive Irish vote was welcomed by the EU institutions and other Member States, but Poland and the Czech Republic still have not completed ratification. This paper looks at the background to the referendum and other ratification developments.
The Treaty of Lisbon after the Second Irish Referdum (523 KB , PDF)
An opposition candidate won Poland's presidential election on 1 June 2025, increasing the likelihood of continued deadlock between the government and presidency
Although Gibraltar, as a British Overseas Territory, has left the EU, an agreement has been reached which removes border checks between Spain and Gibraltar.
This briefing looks at the independent review of the Windsor Framework commissioned by the government and democratic oversight of the Framework