Voting systems in the UK
This briefing provides an overview of the different voting systems currently used for elections in the UK. It also examines the pros and cons of different systems.

Electoral swing is a way of comparing the performance of parties at elections. This paper shows how to calculate swing using examples from the 2019 General Election and gives detail of general election swings since 1945 and record by-election swings.
Electoral swing (518 KB , PDF)
Electoral swing is often used to analyse the performance of parties in different areas. Election swings show the extent of change in voter support for a political party, from one election to the next, and is typically expressed as a positive or negative percentage point change.
This paper shows how to calculate two-party swing using the ‘Butler’ method: swing is defined as the average of the percentage point gain of party A and the percentage point loss of party B.
This method of calculating swing works well in situations where two parties compete in elections over time, but is of more limited use when several parties compete for the same seat.
The chart below shows swings between the two major parties (Conservative and Labour) at general elections since 1945. A negative swing indicates a swing from the Conservatives to Labour.
Electoral swing (518 KB , PDF)
This briefing provides an overview of the different voting systems currently used for elections in the UK. It also examines the pros and cons of different systems.
The Absent Voting (Elections in Scotland and Wales) Bill would allow for the alignment of rules on absent voting arrangements between reserved and devolved elections in Scotland and Wales.
Election rules state elections must be held using a set timetable. This briefing explains the timetable for by-elections to the UK Parliament.