Public Finances: Key Economic Indicators

Government borrowing

Government borrowed £108 billion during April to September 2021 according to the ONS’s provisional estimate. This is £101 billion less than during April to September 2020. While borrowing is falling, it remains at relatively high levels. Borrowing in the financial year so far is the second highest since monthly records began in 1993.

These figures contain some forecast data and are likely to be revised in the coming months.

Government debt

At the end of September 2021, public sector net debt was equivalent to 95.5% of GDP. Prior to the pandemic, in November 2019, the debt-to-GDP ratio was 81.0%.

The Library briefing Coronavirus: Effect on the economy and public finances looks at the effect of coronavirus on the public finances.

The Library briefing Spring Budget 2021: A summary sets out the Budget’s key announcements and briefly analyses public spending and the OBR’s forecasts.

Definitions and notes

The ONS’s figures for 2020/21 provisional: they’re not final figures and may be revised as provisional data are replaced with final audited data.

Net borrowing – often described as the deficit – is the difference between what the government spends and what it receives in taxes over a particular time period.

Net debt is the total amount that the public sector owes – it is largely the stock of past borrowing.

All figures exclude public sector banks.