Migration statistics

UK migration

There are two main ways of measuring the migration of people: 1) flows across an international border, and 2) the stock of people living in a particular country who are not nationals of that country or who were born abroad. In the year ending June 2022:

• 1.1 million people migrated into the UK and 560,000 people emigrated from it, leaving net migration of 504,000 people. This represents the balance of long-term migrants moving in and out of the country.

In the year ending June 2021:

• 6.0 million people were living in the UK who had the nationality of a different country (9% of the total population),
• 3.4 million EU nationals were living in the UK, and
• As of 2019, around 994,000 UK nationals were living in other EU countries excluding Ireland.

The number of people migrating to the UK has been greater than the number emigrating in each year since 1994. Prior to that point, immigration and emigration were roughly in balance, with net migration slightly decreasing the population in most years. Over the last twenty-five years, both immigration and emigration have increased to historically high levels, with immigration exceeding emigration by more than 100,000 in every year between 1998 and 2020.

There was considerably less migration during the Covid-19 pandemic than in previous years. The pandemic also disrupted the way in which migration statistics are produced so the data from this period is subject to more uncertainty than usual.

This briefing paper explains the concepts and methods used in measuring migration. It contains current and historical data on immigration, emigration and net migration in the UK. It sets out the most recent estimates of the UK’s foreign national and foreign-born populations and includes international comparisons of migration and migrant populations in European Union countries.

Why do people migrate to the UK?

The ONS’s new ‘modelled’ estimates only provide a reason for migration for non-EU arrivals. Among non-EU nationals arriving in the year ending June 2022, study was the most common main reason (around 277,000 people). This was followed by ‘other’ reasons (276,000 people), which includes arrivals under humanitarian schemes, and family migrants. An estimated 151,000 non-EU nationals came primarily for work in that year.

A longer and more detailed series is available up to the year ending March 2020. It shows that formal study was the most common main reason for immigration (36%) in that year, while work was the second most common main reason (32%).

Study was the most common main reason for immigration during the period 2009-12. Following policies designed to reduce the number of foreign students, study declined as a reason and was overtaken by work. Work immigration peaked in 2015-16 at around 300,000 people per year, before reducing and being overtaken again by study as the main reason in 2019.

In January 2021 the UK’s new immigration system came into force, the main features of which are the end of free movement for new EU nationals coming to the UK and changes to the criteria for work visas (sometimes referred to as a ‘points-based system’).

All visa categories saw an increase in the year ending June 2022 as a result of this new immigration system and the introduction of new visa categories. Of note are the British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) category and Ukraine visa schemes which account for the large increase in ‘Other’ visas issued in the year ending June 2022.

Migrants living in the UK

There are fewer foreign nationals living in the UK than there are people born in other countries. In 2021 there were approximately 6.0 million people with non-British nationality living in the UK and 9.6 million people who were born abroad.

The UK’s migrant population is concentrated in London. Around 35% of people living in the UK who were born abroad live in the capital city. Similarly, around 37% of people living in London were born outside the UK, compared with 14% for the UK as a whole.

After London, the English regions with the highest proportions of their population born abroad were the South East (13.4%), the West Midlands (13.9%), the East of England (12.9%), and the East Midlands (12.7%). In each of these regions the proportion of people born abroad was lower than for England as a whole (15.5%), which is skewed by London.

Of all the nations and regions of the UK, the North East had the lowest proportion of its population born abroad (5.8%), followed by Wales (6.5%), Northern Ireland (7.0%), and Scotland (9.3%).

Migration between the UK and other EU countries

The available data suggests that in 2019 there were around 994,000 British nationals living in other EU countries excluding Ireland, while there were around 3.4 million EU nationals living in the UK.

Definitions of a migrant

A migrant can be broadly defined as a person who changes their country of usual residence. Conventionally, there are three different ways of making this definition more precise.

A migrant can be:

1. Someone whose country of birth is different to their country of residence.
2. Someone whose nationality is different to their country of residence.
3. Someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence.

Each of these definitions has its strengths and weaknesses. In practice, each of these definitions is used in certain circumstances, depending on the data in question.

Statistical concepts

In migration statistics, stocks refer to the number of migrants usually resident in a country during a particular period, while flows refer to the number of people changing their country of usual residence during a particular period.

Immigration and emigration are therefore flow measurements, recording the number of people entering and leaving the country on a long-term basis.

Statistics on stocks and flows are based on different definitions of a migrant.

Stocks

Stocks are normally measured as the number of people whose country of birth or nationality is different from that of the country in which they live (the first two definitions above).

Flows

Flows are normally measured as the number of people changing their country of residence for at least a year (the third definition).

Stocks and Flows within UK data

In the UK, data on stocks and flows comes from different sources. Stocks are measured through surveys of the resident population, while flows are measured primarily though surveys of passengers arriving and leaving the country.

Net migration

Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration: the number of people moving to live in a particular country minus the number of people moving out of that country to live elsewhere.

If more people are arriving than leaving, net migration is a positive number, which means net immigration. If more people are leaving than arriving, net migration is a negative number, which means net emigration.

The difference between migrants and asylum seekers

A migrant is someone who changes their country of usual residence. An asylum seeker is someone who does so “from fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, social group, or political opinion”. In this sense, asylum seekers are generally counted as a subset of migrants and are included in official estimates of migrant stocks and flows.