UK parliamentary by-elections since 1945
This list notes the number of by-elections by session since 1945-46 together with a list of the the successful candidates in by-elections since 2005.
The office and role of Speaker
A research briefing on the office and role of the Speaker of the House of Commons
Recall elections
Recall allows voters to remove an elected representative between elections by signing a petition. This briefing explains how UK recall petitions work.
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Research Briefing
Directly-elected mayors
This briefing paper explains the status of directly-elected mayors in English and Welsh local government, and the routes to establishing them, including the use of local referendums. It also includes an up-to-date list of elected mayors and statistics on previous referendums.
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Research Briefing
Women elected to the House of Commons
This list reports all the women who have been elected as MPs to the House of Commons, for each election since 1918 and in the order they were sworn in.
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Research Briefing
The United Kingdom constitution – a mapping exercise
A briefing paper which "maps" (or summarises) the main elements of the United Kingdom's uncodified constitution.
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Research Briefing
Local government in England: structures
This briefing contains basic details of the structure of local government (counties, districts and unitary authorities); the electoral system, ward structures, and the franchise; the divisions of functions between local authorities; and the process for changing local government boundaries and structures.
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Research Briefing
The Budget and the annual Finance Bill
This briefing examines the way that Parliament scrutinises the Government's proposals for taxation, set out in the annual Budget statement.
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Research Briefing
Intimidation of candidates and voters
This briefing examines the intimidation of MPs and candidates recent developments to address their security. It also explains measures to prevent intimidation of voters
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Debate Pack
E-petition debate: rules for political donations
E-petition 707189 relating to the rules for political donations will be debated in Westminster Hall on Monday 31 March, 4:30pm. The subject for this debate was determined by the Petitions Committee, and the debate will be opened by Irene Campbell MP.
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Research Briefing
Pre-election period of sensitivity
Government and local authority resources cannot be used for party political campaigning at any time. In the run up to an election, the pre-election period of sensitivity, particular care is taken. Government departments and councils will normally observe discretion about making new announcements or decisions that could influence voters.
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Research Briefing
Countering Russian influence in the UK
Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the UK has applied sanctions and changed rules around visas and corporate transparency to counter Russian influence.
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Research Briefing
Absent voting
This briefing provides information on the arrangements for absent voting. It also outlines the changes to absent voting resulting from the Elections Act 2022.
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Research Briefing
Women in Politics and Public Life
This briefing includes figures on the proportion of women in elected bodies in the UK and across the world, as well as information on women in UK public life.
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Research Briefing
Voter ID
This briefing explains the rules about showing photographic voter ID at elections to the UK Parliament and to other elections.
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