Seizing the shadow fleet
The UK has started to intercept sanctioned ships. This briefing explains the domestic and international rules that apply to enforcing sanctions at sea.
Israel/US-Iran conflict 2026: Reopening the Strait of Hormuz
What diplomatic efforts are being made to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, a major trade route for oil, gas and other supplies?
The obligation to prevent genocide
This briefing sets out the international and UK law on genocide and discusses recent cases on this issue. There will be a general debate on obligation to assess the risk of genocide under international law in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territories in the Commons chamber on Thursday 5 February 2026.
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Research Briefing
Peace deals, territorial changes, and international law
Negotiations over the war in Ukraine are facing challenges over the fate of Ukraine's territory. This briefing explains the rules that might apply to territorial issues after a conflict.
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Research Briefing
UNESCO at 80
UNESCO is a UN Agency that has been operating for 80 years. This briefing outlines UNESCO, its functions, and recent challenges.
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Research Briefing
UN at 80: Funding challenges at the United Nations
As the UN turns 80, it faces a growing funding crisis. This briefing sets out how the UN is funded, the main causes of the UN's cash crisis, and the main initiatives to address these.
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Research Briefing
The United Nations at 80: Paper Series
The UN has been operating for 80 years. This series of briefings takes stock of the UN's progress and challenges ahead.
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Research Briefing
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Bill (2024–25)
The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Bill (2024–25) was introduced to Parliament in September 2025 and is scheduled for second reading on 16 October 2025.
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Research Briefing
The UK Sanctions Framework
The UK sanctions framework is a significant set of powers to sanction individuals, businesses, and states. This paper explains the current operation of sanctions in the UK.
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Debate Pack
International Day of Democracy 2025
A Westminster Hall debate on the International Day of Democracy will take place on Tuesday 16 September 2025, from 9:30am to 11:00am. The debate was scheduled by the Backbench Business Committee and will be led by Rachel Blake MP.
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Research Briefing
Developments in Ukraine peace talks (April to June 2025)
What are the latest developments in talks over a potential peace settlement in Ukraine?
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Research Briefing
What is the proposed WHO Pandemic Preparedness Treaty?
The WHO is negotiating a treaty on pandemic preparedness. The briefing outlines what has been proposed, how it relates to the International Health Regulations, where negotiations are up to, and what comes next.
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Research Briefing
The conventions banning mines and cluster munitions
Five European countries plan to withdraw from the international convention banning the use of anti-personnel mines. Lithuania has also withdrawn from the convention banning the use of cluster munitions.
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Research Briefing
Financial assistance to Ukraine bill 2024-25
The Financial Assistance to Ukraine Bill will allow the government to contribute to the G7 loan agreement to Ukraine that was agreed in June 2024.
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Research Briefing
Sanctions, International Law, and Seizing Russian Assets
As states sanction Russia after its invasion of Ukraine, this briefing sets out the arguments around seizing another state's assets, and explains the intensifying debate on how international law affects sanctions.
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